ABSTRACT
Our aim was to investigate the variation in the vertebral levels of the origins of the celiac artery, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, paired renal arteries, and common iliac arteries. We conducted a retrospective imaging study in a large public secondary hospital on a nonrandom sample of 227 participants. We consecutively included adult patients who had undergone computed tomography angiography of the abdomen and excluded patients with a history of any vertebral abnormality or whose images revealed evidence of a vertebral abnormality or a congenital anomaly of any of the branches of the abdominal aorta. The primary outcome was the frequency distribution of the vertebral levels of the landmarks. The secondary outcomes were the intercorrelations of the vertebral levels of the landmarks and their relationships with age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index. The celiac artery originated at T11/T12–L1/L2, followed by the superior mesenteric artery at T12–L2, the paired renal arteries at T12/L1–L2/L3, the inferior mesenteric artery at L2–L4, and the common iliac arteries at L3–L5. The vertebral levels of the landmarks were positively intercorrelated and stronger between proximate pairs. In addition, the vertebral levels of the landmarks were related to age, but not sex, weight, height, or body mass index. The intercorrelations suggest that a considerable proportion of the variation is accounted for by ‘trickle-down’ variation; variation in the vertebral level of a proximal landmark results in variation in the vertebral level of the immediate distal landmark. The overarching parameter remains unidentified.
ABSTRACT
Our aim was to investigate the variation in the vertebral levels of the origins of the celiac artery, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, paired renal arteries, and common iliac arteries. We conducted a retrospective imaging study in a large public secondary hospital on a nonrandom sample of 227 participants. We consecutively included adult patients who had undergone computed tomography angiography of the abdomen and excluded patients with a history of any vertebral abnormality or whose images revealed evidence of a vertebral abnormality or a congenital anomaly of any of the branches of the abdominal aorta. The primary outcome was the frequency distribution of the vertebral levels of the landmarks. The secondary outcomes were the intercorrelations of the vertebral levels of the landmarks and their relationships with age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index. The celiac artery originated at T11/T12–L1/L2, followed by the superior mesenteric artery at T12–L2, the paired renal arteries at T12/L1–L2/L3, the inferior mesenteric artery at L2–L4, and the common iliac arteries at L3–L5. The vertebral levels of the landmarks were positively intercorrelated and stronger between proximate pairs. In addition, the vertebral levels of the landmarks were related to age, but not sex, weight, height, or body mass index. The intercorrelations suggest that a considerable proportion of the variation is accounted for by ‘trickle-down’ variation; variation in the vertebral level of a proximal landmark results in variation in the vertebral level of the immediate distal landmark. The overarching parameter remains unidentified.
ABSTRACT
To study the degree of retroflexion of the cervical spine and the congenital malformations present in cases of iniencephaly and anencephaly. Twelve stillborn fetuses were examined. Those with anencephaly are prefixed by AN and serially numbered from 1 to 8, and those with iniencephaly are prefixed by IN and serially numbered from 1 to 4. The specimens were fixed in 25% formaldehyde. Anteroposterior and lateral plain x-ray of the whole body were taken four weeks after fixation. Necropsies were performed and the anomalies observed were recorded and photographed. According to the length of the neck and the direction of the face, retroflexion of the cervical spine was classified into severe, moderate and mild forms. Retroflexion was severe in 2 cases [IN1, IN2], moderate in one [IN3] and mild in eight [IN4, AN1-4]. The associated malformations affected most organs systems and comprised left diaphragmatic hernia in six cases, broad base of the nose in nine specimens, absent left kidney and hypoplastic lungs in two cases, Fallots tetralogy and patent foramen ovale in one case each. The presence of cervical retroflexion and numerous similar congenital malformations justify a comparative study on twelve cases of iniencephaly and anencephaly. The appearance of the cranial cavity and the brain and the frequent occurrence of caudal myelocele in iniencephaly suggests a different time of onset of these two classes of malformation. This largely reflects the closure of the ends of the neural tube at different times
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anencephaly , Spine/abnormalities , Abnormalities, MultipleABSTRACT
Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a single parathyroid adenoma and it is progressively diagnosed worldwide. The recent advancement of imaging techniques changed the surgical approach of primary hyperparathyroidism patients, from wide traditional bilateral neck exploration to limited neck exploration. Pre-operative imaging is vital in localizing ectopic adenoma to lucid the map before surgical resection The manuscript at hand is a comprehensive review of the primary hyperparathyroidism covering anatomical, physiological and pathophysiological basics, to the most recent imaging modalities and their respective tasks in patient management